Selasa, 20 Oktober 2015

Keunggulan dan Kelemahan Shale Gas

Shale gas bisa menjadi salah satu sumber energi yang paling penting di tahun-tahun mendatang, dan sebagaiman dengan sumber energi lainnya shale gas memiliki keunggulan dan kelemahan. Sebelum berbicara lebih lanjut tentang keunnggulan dan kelemahan shale gas pertama-tama kita harus mendefinisikan apa itu shale gas. Shale gas adalah gas alam yang diperoleh dari serpihan batuan shale atau tempat terbentuknya gas bumi. Ketika berbicara mengenai keunggulan shale gas, banyak pakar energi yang akan memberikan fakta bahwa shale gas menghasilkan emisi karbon yang secara signifikan lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan batubara (shale gas mengeluarkan sekitar setengah dari emisi karbon batubara).

Shale gas juga merupakan sumber energi yang melimpah, misalnya, diperkiraan di Amerika Utara saja terdapat sekitar 1.000 triliun kaki kubik shale gas yang cukup untuk memasok gas alam untuk USA selama 50 tahun atau lebih. Analisa terakhir juga menunjukkan bahwa shale gas bisa menyediakan hingga setengah pasokan gas USA pada tahun 2020.




 Shale gas juga dapat menurunkan biaya energi karena produksi shale gas kemungkinan akan menyebabkan penurunan harga gas alam secara signifikan. Produksi shale gas yang besar juga akan membantu meningkatkan keamanan energi, dan membantu mengurangi ketergantungan pada bahan bakar fosil asing yang mahal. Shale gas juga bisa menjadi pilihan energi yang lebih bersih bagi negara-negara berkembang yang saat ini sangat bergantung pada batubara, sumber energi yang paling kotor.




Ada juga beberapa kerugian dari shale gas yang akan di sebutkan di sini. Shale gas meskipun (secara signifikan) merupakan sumber energi yang lebih bersih dibandingkan dengan batubara, masih menghasilkan emisi karbon yang signifikan, sehingga menjadi kurang dapat diterima dari sudut pandang lingkungan dibandingkan sumber energi terbarukan lainnya. Ada juga bahaya lingkungan dalam bentuk  potensi kebocoran gas metana dari sumur shale gas yang bisa menurunkan efek pengurangan karbon dioksida dan manfaat iklim dengan beralih dari batubara ke shale gas.

Perkembangan industri shale gas yang cepat bisa memperlambat perkembangan lebih lanjut dari industri energi terbarukan, terutama jika shale gas (bila sesuai yang diperkirakan) menjadi salah satu pilihan energi yang paling murah. Energi terbarukan telah lama sulit bersaing dengan batubara, dan dengan tersedianya shale gas yang murah, ini bisa memperburuk perkembangan di sektor energi terbarukan. Saat ini, biaya ekstraksi shale gas lebih tinggi di bandingkan dengan biaya untuk ekstraksi gas konvensional atau batubara, tetapi kemajuan lebih lanjut teknologi pengeboran dapat membantu mengurangi biaya ekstraksi shale gas. Masih terlalu dini untuk mengatakan bahwa shale gas akan menjadi salah satu faktor penentu di pasar energi

Senin, 12 Oktober 2015

Annals of Seismology 2015 ISSUE



                

The Really Big One

An earthquake will destroy a sizable portion of the coastal Northwest. The question is when.

When the 2011 earthquake and tsunami struck Tohoku, Japan, Chris Goldfinger was two hundred miles away, in the city of Kashiwa, at an international meeting on seismology. As the shaking started, everyone in the room began to laugh. Earthquakes are common in Japan—that one was the third of the week—and the participants were, after all, at a seismology conference. Then everyone in the room checked the time.
Seismologists know that how long an earthquake lasts is a decent proxy for its magnitude. The 1989 earthquake in Loma Prieta, California, which killed sixty-three people and caused six billion dollars worth of damage, lasted about fifteen seconds and had a magnitude of 6.9. A thirty-second earthquake generally has a magnitude in the mid-sevens. A minute-long quake is in the high sevens, a two-minute quake has entered the eights, and a three-minute quake is in the high eights. By four minutes, an earthquake has hit magnitude 9.0.

When Goldfinger looked at his watch, it was quarter to three. The conference was wrapping up for the day. He was thinking about sushi. The speaker at the lectern was wondering if he should carry on with his talk. The earthquake was not particularly strong. Then it ticked past the sixty-second mark, making it longer than the others that week. The shaking intensified. The seats in the conference room were small plastic desks with wheels. Goldfinger, who is tall and solidly built, thought, No way am I crouching under one of those for cover. At a minute and a half, everyone in the room got up and went outside.

It was March. There was a chill in the air, and snow flurries, but no snow on the ground. Nor, from the feel of it, was there ground on the ground. The earth snapped and popped and rippled. It was, Goldfinger thought, like driving through rocky terrain in a vehicle with no shocks, if both the vehicle and the terrain were also on a raft in high seas. The quake passed the two-minute mark. The trees, still hung with the previous autumn’s dead leaves, were making a strange rattling sound. The flagpole atop the building he and his colleagues had just vacated was whipping through an arc of forty degrees. The building itself was base-isolated, a seismic-safety technology in which the body of a structure rests on movable bearings rather than directly on its foundation. Goldfinger lurched over to take a look. The base was lurching, too, back and forth a foot at a time, digging a trench in the yard. He thought better of it, and lurched away. His watch swept past the three-minute mark and kept going.

Oh, shit, Goldfinger thought, although not in dread, at first: in amazement. For decades, seismologists had believed that Japan could not experience an earthquake stronger than magnitude 8.4. In 2005, however, at a conference in Hokudan, a Japanese geologist named Yasutaka Ikeda had argued that the nation should expect a magnitude 9.0 in the near future—with catastrophic consequences, because Japan’s famous earthquake-and-tsunami preparedness, including the height of its sea walls, was based on incorrect science. The presentation was met with polite applause and thereafter largely ignored. Now, Goldfinger realized as the shaking hit the four-minute mark, the planet was proving the Japanese Cassandra right.

For a moment, that was pretty cool: a real-time revolution in earthquake science. Almost immediately, though, it became extremely uncool, because Goldfinger and every other seismologist standing outside in Kashiwa knew what was coming. One of them pulled out a cell phone and started streaming videos from the Japanese broadcasting station NHK, shot by helicopters that had flown out to sea soon after the shaking started. Thirty minutes after Goldfinger first stepped outside, he watched the tsunami roll in, in real time, on a two-inch screen.

In the end, the magnitude-9.0 Tohoku earthquake and subsequent tsunami killed more than eighteen thousand people, devastated northeast Japan, triggered the meltdown at the Fukushima power plant, and cost an estimated two hundred and twenty billion dollars. The shaking earlier in the week turned out to be the foreshocks of the largest earthquake in the nation’s recorded history. But for Chris Goldfinger, a paleoseismologist at Oregon State University and one of the world’s leading experts on a little-known fault line, the main quake was itself a kind of foreshock: a preview of another earthquake still to come.

Most people in the United States know just one fault line by name: the San Andreas, which runs nearly the length of California and is perpetually rumored to be on the verge of unleashing “the big one.” That rumor is misleading, no matter what the San Andreas ever does. Every fault line has an upper limit to its potency, determined by its length and width, and by how far it can slip. For the San Andreas, one of the most extensively studied and best understood fault lines in the world, that upper limit is roughly an 8.2—a powerful earthquake, but, because the Richter scale is logarithmic, only six per cent as strong as the 2011 event in Japan.

VOCABULARY:
Determined         :Bertekad
Meltdown            :Krisis
Lurched               :Meluncur
Particularly       :Khususnya
Lectern              :Podium
Swept                  :Menyapu
Recorded           :Merekam
Bearing              :Bantalan
Foreshock         :Kejutan
Perpetually        : Terus Menerus






HIMA TG Bhuwana

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